The Parisian club has now won the prestigious trophy on fourteen separate occasions.
The Parisian giants needed a stoppage-time leveler followed by a perfect spot-kick decider to get past their arch-rivals in the Gulf and capture a fourth straight Trophee des Champions victory.
The European champions seemed to be coasting towards a straightforward triumph in the showdown between the Ligue 1 champions and the Coupe de France holders after the French winger opened the scoring in the opening stages.
However, the southern French side struck twice in the closing moments to seize a surprise advantage. First, Mason Greenwood converted from the penalty spot, before Willian Pacho inadvertently turned the ball into his own net for an own goal.
In a breathtaking turn of fortune, Goncalo Ramos grabbed a crucial leveler in the dying seconds to force the contest into a deciding shootout. PSG goalkeeper Chevalier then emerged as the key figure, stopping crucial kicks from O'Riley and Hamed Traore.
In the shootout, Goncalo Ramos, Vitinha, Nuno Mendes, and the young talent all converted successfully for Paris Saint-Germain to seal a 4-1 penalty victory.
The record champions Paris Saint-Germain, who faced last season's Ligue 1 second-placed team Marseille after achieving a domestic double, have now lifted this trophy for the 12th time in the last 13 seasons.